Author information

¹Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, New York, NY, 11439, USA; College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, 11439, USA.

²College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, 11439, USA.

³Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518034, China. Electronic address: sonydscp51@gmail.com.

⁴Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, New York, NY, 11439, USA; College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, 11439, USA. Electronic address: chenz@stjohns.edu.

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasingly prevalent disease that is associated with high and continually rising mortality rates. Lipid metabolism holds a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HCC, in which abnormalities pertaining to the delicate balance of lipid synthesis, breakdown, and storage, predispose for the pathogenesis of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease precursor to HCC. If caught early enough, HCC treatment may be curative. In later stages, treatment is only halting the inevitable outcome of death, boldly prompting for novel drug discovery to provide a fighting chance for this patient population. In this review, we begin by providing a summary of current local and systemic treatments against HCC. From such we discuss hepatic lipid metabolism and highlight novel targets that are ripe for anti-cancer drug discovery. Lastly, we provide a targeted summary of current known risk factors for HCC pathogenesis, providing key insights that will be essential for rationalizing future development of anti-HCC therapeutics.