Author information

¹Institute of Liver Studies, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London.

²Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS.

Abstract

Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction refers to the concurrent systemic inflammation and immunoparesis evident across the disease spectrum of chronic liver disease; ranging from the low-grade inflammatory plasma milieu that accompanies compensated disease, to the intense high-grade inflammatory state with co-existent severe immune paralysis that defines acute decompensation and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Systemic inflammation plays a crucial role in the disease course of cirrhosis and is a key driver for acute decompensation and the progression from compensated to decompensated cirrhosis. Severe systemic inflammation is fundamental to the development of organ dysfunction and failure and, in its most extreme form, acute-on-chronic liver failure. Systemic inflammation propagates the development of hepatic encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury. It may also be involved in the pathogenesis of further complications such as hepatocellular carcinoma and mental illness. Those patients with the most profound systemic inflammation have the worst prognosis. Systemic inflammation exerts its negative clinical effects via a number of mechanisms including nitric oxide-mediated increased splanchnic vasodilation, immunopathology and metabolic reallocation.