Author information

¹Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Rozzano, Italy.

²Medical Data Analytics Centre, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

³Metabolic Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

⁴Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (HUVR/CSIC/US), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, CIBEREHD, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.

⁵Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.

⁶Université Paris Cité, UMR1149 (CRI), INSERM, Paris, France; Service d'Hépatologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy-la-Garenne, France.

⁷Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Humanitas Research Hospital-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.

⁸Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.

⁹Department of Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

¹⁰Clarion I, London, United Kingdom.

¹¹Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.

¹²Precision Medicine Laboratory, Biological Resource Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

¹³Department of Medicine, Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, Virginia; Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia.

¹⁴Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Rozzano, Italy. Electronic address: alessio.aghemo@hunimed.eu.

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing global health problem and is expected to become the leading indication for liver transplantation.¹ There are no approved NAFLD-specific pharmacotherapies, and lifestyle modification is the primary recommended therapy.² Innovative approaches to facilitate the implementation and long-term maintenance of lifestyle changes are needed to address the challenging and complex nature of the management of NAFLD, which recently was renamed as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, to overcome the limitations and stigma of the previous name.^3,4 Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered chatbots have been shown to provide effective personalized support and education to patients, with the potential to complement health care resources. The OpenAI Foundation's AI chatbot, Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT), has attracted worldwide attention for its remarkable performance in question-answer tasks.^5-7 This study evaluated the accuracy, completeness, and comprehensiveness of chatGPT's responses to NAFLD-related questions, with the aim of assessing its performance in addressing patients' queries about the disease and lifestyle behaviors.