Author information
1Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01665, United States. katherine.cooper@umassmed.edu.
2Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01665, United States.
3Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01665, United States.
4Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01665, United States.
Abstract
Kidney disease in patients with liver disease is serious and increases mortality. Up to 50% of patients hospitalized experience an episode of acute kidney injury. In general, men with liver disease are thought to be at increased risk of kidney disease. However, this association should be considered with caution because most studies use creatinine-based inclusion criteria, which is negatively biased against women. In this review, we synthesize data on sex differences in kidney disease in patients with chronic liver disease in the clinical setting and discuss potential physiologic underpinnings.